TABLE OF
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
·
BACKGROUND
OF PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT
·
DEFINITION
OF THE KEY TERMS
·
Principles
·
Management
·
Principle
of Management
MAIN BODY
·
How principles of management is a results based on her own and its clients
at large
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
BACKGROUND
OF PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT
The
verb manage comes from the Italian maneggiare
(to handle — especially tools), which in turn derives from the Latin manus (hand). The French word
mesnagement (later ménagement) influenced the development in
meaning of the English word management in the 17th and 18th centuries, (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management).
One of the earliest scholars who explained
principles of management is Henry Foyol, a French industrialist, who offered
fourteen principles of management for the first time in 1916. Today, there is a
very lengthy list of management principles and it is not possible to give an
exhaustive list of them, (http://www.publishyourarticles.net/).
In
order to derive principles, the following steps are taken as; Observation and
study of the problem, testing the principles, Choice of the problem or
opportunity, Making hypothesis, and Conclusion and forecasting. Nature/
Characteristics of principles of management including; Universal application,
Flexibility, General Statement, It influences human behavior, Cause and effect
relationship, Equal importance, Careful and discreet application and
Decision-making.
Therefore, in order to tackle the question
well, University of Teofilo Kisanji will be used as a selected organization and
discussing how a principle of management is a result of her own or its client
at large.
DEFINITION
OF THE KEY TERMS
Principle is
a Law and rule that has to be, or usually is to be followed, or can be
desirably followed, or is an inevitable consequence of something, such as the laws
observed in nature or the way that a system is constructed. The principles of
such a system are understood by its users as the essential characteristics of
the system, or reflecting system's designed purpose, and the effective
operation or use of which would be impossible if any one of the principles was
to be ignored. Examples of principles: a descriptive comprehensive and
fundamental law, doctrine, or assumption, a normative rule or code of conduct,
a law or fact of nature underlying the working of an artificial device, (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle).
Principles is an accepted or professed rule of action or conduct: a person of good
moral principles or a fundamental,
primary, or general law or truth from which others are derived: the principles
of modern physics, a fundamental doctrine or tenet; a distinctive ruling
opinion or specific basis of conduct or management or guiding sense of the
requirements and obligations of right conduct, (http://www.businessdictionary.com/).
Management in
all business and
organizational activities is the act of getting people together to accomplish
desired goals and objectives
using available resources efficiently and effectively. Management comprises planning, organizing, staffing, leading or directing, and controlling
an organization (a group of
one or more people or entities) or effort for the purpose of accomplishing a
goal. Resourcing
encompasses the deployment and manipulation of human resources, financial resources, technological resources
and natural resources,
(http://en.wikipedia.org).
Management is
the process of designing and maintaining an environment in which individuals,
working together in groups, efficiently accomplishes selected goals or other
words, “Management is the process of planning, organizing, leading, and
controlling the efforts of organization members and of using all other organizational
resources to achieve stated organizational goals”. Management focuses on the
entire organization from both a short and a long-term perspective. Management
aims to increase the effectiveness of organizations. It's about making the most
of the resources entrusted to you, and making sure the expectations of
customers, employees and shareholders are met, (http://www.universalteacherpublications.com).
Principles of management are fundamental rules of management that could be taught in schools and
applied in all organizational situations, (http://accounting4management.com).
"Management principles are fundamental truth of general validity" whereby these truths are
the guiding pillars in the managerial execution of functions and solution to
problems within a certain organizations, (http://www.publishyourarticles.net).
Generally, Principle of management means guideline and rules used on driving an organization as a scientific
management.
Therefore,
the following is how principles of management is a results based on her own and
its clients at large according to Henri Fayol’s (1841-1925) Principles of
management:-
Division of Labour.
Henry Fayol has stressed on the specialization of jobs. He recommended that
work of all kinds must be divided & subdivided and allotted to various
persons according to their expertise in a particular area, Subdivision of work
makes it simpler and results in efficiency,
It also helps the individual in acquiring speed, accuracy in his
performance, Specialization leads to efficiency and economy in spheres of
business. Therefore, through the organization of Teofilo Kisanji University,
the division of labour help an organization to increase efficiency and good
performance of its goals of providing education for better life. For example
through division of labour in TEKU there are various department like Education,
Social science department, and also there are other offices of Accountancy,
secretaries, and Dean of Student offices which both of these office works so as
to rich its goals of achieving education to its client who are students.
Authority
and Responsibility, Authority refers to the right of
superiors to get exactness from their sub-ordinates whereas responsibility
means obligation for the performance of the job assigned. Authority without
responsibility leads to irresponsible behavior whereas responsibility without authority
makes the person ineffective. This principle suggests that there must be parity
between authority and responsibility. They are co-existent and go together, and
are two sides of the same coin. Within the organization of TEKU workers who
employed within an organization performing their jobs depending with her
position. For example to those who are responsible for cleaning environment
they performing their duty of cleaner, and those Lecturers are the one who
responsible for lecturing in the classes depending the course and professional.
Discipline, According to Fayol, “Discipline means sincerity, obedience, respect of
authority, proper conduct in relation to others and observance of rules and
regulations of the enterprise”. It is essential for the smooth functioning of
all organizations. This principle applies that subordinate should respect their
superiors and obey their order. It is an important requisite for smooth running
of the enterprise. Therefore, within TEKU organization the workers are the one
who needs to respect the superior legal authority existed including Chancellor,
Vice Chancellor, DVPFA, and DVCAA. Through both workers should respect the
rules and obey the order from top leaders so as to achieve the objective of
organization of providing quality education, and all that is done properly.
Unity
of Command, This principle states that every subordinate
should receive orders and be accountable to one and only one superior. If an
employee receives orders from more than one superior, it is likely to create
confusion and conflict. Unity of Command also makes it easier to fix
responsibility for mistakes. Therefore, within any organization in order to
reduce confusion of work, the workers need to receive order from one superior
which resulting to reach desired goals of an organization as what Teofilo
Kisanji university workers they do.
Unity of Direction,
Fayol advocates one head one plan which means that there should be one plan for
a group of activities having similar objectives. All those working in the same
line of activity must understand and pursue the same objectives. All related
activities should be put under one group, there should be one plan of action
for them. Taking Teofilo Kisanji as a case study, there is a lot of activities
designed by top officers including Cleaners, secretaries, Accountancy, and
Lecturing. All these works so as to facilitate the goal of an organization of
providing quality education to its client, without which an organization will
never reach its goals hence they combining both relating task so as do make one
direction of archiving one direction toward reaching their goals.
Subordination
of Individual Interest to the General Interest. The
management must put aside personal considerations and put company objectives first.
Therefore the interests of goals of the organization must prevail over the
personal interests of individuals. This means that if a person work in a
certain organization including TEKU university, she or he must put
consideration much on office interest or public interest and not to have
self-interest. So, by that way we will consider that organization its workers
are not based on self-interest.
Remuneration
- Workers must be paid sufficiently as this is a chief
motivation of employees and therefore greatly influences productivity. The
quantum and methods of remuneration payable should be fair, reasonable and
rewarding of effort. The workers must be paid at each month and that salaries
should not affect the interest of on organization. All this being done because
of protecting benefits of organization, which resulting continuation of
existing organization hence easily reach its goals and objectives. This is a
same what is done in Teofilo Kisanji University whereby workers are paid, and
it looks on the benefit of an organization so as to continuities existence and
providing education services to its client.
The
Degree of Centralization - The amount of power wielded
with the central management depends on company size. Centralization implies the
concentration of decision making authority at the top management. Sharing of
authority with lower levels is called decentralization. The organization should
strive to achieve a proper balance.
Equity,
Equity means combination of fairness, kindness & justice. The employees
should be treated with kindness & equity if devotion is expected of them.
It implies that managers should be fair and impartial while dealing with the
subordinates. They should give similar treatment to people of similar position.
They should not discriminate with respect to age, caste, sex, religion,
relation etc. Equity is essential to create and maintain cordial relations
between the managers and sub-ordinate. But equity does not mean total absence
of harshness. Fayol was of opinion that, “at times force and harshness might
become necessary for the sake of equity”.
Order.
This principle is concerned with proper & systematic arrangement of things
and people. Arrangement of things is called material order and placement of
people is called social order. Material
order- There should be safe, appropriate and specific place for every article
and every place to be effectively used for specific activity and commodity.
Social order- Selection and appointment of most suitable person on the suitable
job. There should be a specific place for every one and everyone should have a
specific place so that they can easily be contacted whenever need arises.
Scalar Chain - Scalar Chain refers to
the chain of superiors ranging from top management to the lowest rank. The
principle suggests that there should be a clear line of authority from top to
bottom linking all managers at all levels. It is considered a chain of command.
It involves a concept called a "gang plank" using which a
subordinate may contact a superior or his superior in case of an emergency,
defying the hierarchy of control. Taking example TEKU University, the lower one
who are student or degree holders when he/ she have a serious issues he/ she
supposed to consult first; Class RepresentativeHead of SectionHead of
Department Dean of Faculty Dean of Student DVCAAVice Chancellor Chancellor
without escaping anywhere.
Stability
of Tenure of Personnel - The period of service should
not be too short and employees should not be moved from positions frequently.
An employee cannot render useful service if he is removed before he becomes
accustomed to the work assigned to him. Therefore, when the organization like
TEKU university will decide provide services of education for long time and
immovable workers to its position will help an organization to know if someone
perform its work well or not and they can learn what they need to do in order
to overcome the problem at a time.
Initiative
- Using the initiative of employees can add strength and
new ideas to an organization. Initiative on the part of employees is a source
of strength for the organization because it provides new and better ideas.
Employees are likely to take greater interest in the functioning of the
organization.
Esprit
de Corps - This refers to the need of managers to ensure
and develop morale in the workplace; individually and communally. Team spirit
helps develop an atmosphere of mutual trust and understanding. If the
organization of TEKU through its top leaders will make sure there mutual relationship
and unity among the workers will help them to increase performance of work
according to time, also will create good environment to attract student to
learn or study various bachelors provided within an organization.
CONCLUSION
Therefore,
the development of any organization depends much with the above principles. But
in other way there are a lot of problems of using some of principles like
scalar chain. The problem here is delay of information and sometimes as can
cause of lost of various data during transferring from lowest level to upper
level.
REFERENCES
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