TABLE OF
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
·
DEFINITION OF THE KEY TERMS
·
Approaches
·
A Tiger economy
·
The Four Asian Tigers or Asian Dragons
MAIN BODY
·
Elaboration of Approaches applied by
East Asian Tiger to Economic development that could be a lesson to Tanzania
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
Historically, After the Second World
War, Japan and the so-called “four little tigers”: South Korea, Taiwan,
Singapore and Hong Kong, showed rapid economic development through their
distinctive development models. In these countries, the state played a crucial
part in fostering rapid national development. These countries can be defined as
developmental states, (Masaki Abe, 2006 Vol.6, Pg. 6-12).
The
Four Asian Tigers or Asian Dragons is a term used in reference to the highly
developed economies of Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan. These
nations and areas were notable for maintaining exceptionally high growth rates
(in excess of 7 percent a year) and rapid industrialization between the early
1960s and 1990s. By the 21st century, all four have developed into advanced and
high-income economies, specializing in areas of competitive advantage. For
example, Hong Kong and Singapore have become world-leading international
financial centers, whereas South Korea and Taiwan are world leaders in manufacturing
information technology.
Therefore,
economic successes in East Asian Tigers have served as role models for many
developing countries including Tanzania.
DEFINITION OF THE KEY TERMS
Approaches means the method used or steps taken in setting about a task or idea of
action intended to deal with problem or situation, (http://www.definitions.net/definition).
A tiger economy is a term used to
describe a national economy that experiences a period of unanticipated and
rapid growth. As a result of that increase in economic growth, the general
standard of living within that country also undergoes drastic changes that
allow the population to enjoy a higher living standard. While the term was
originally coined to describe a phenomenon that took place amount several
nations in the Southeast Asia, a tiger economy has since been applied to any
special economic zone that undergoes rapid economic growth anywhere around the
world, (http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-tiger-economy.htm).
A tiger economy is the economy of a
country which undergoes rapid economic growth, usually accompanied by an
increase in the standard of living. The term was initially used for Japan,
South Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, and Taiwan (the Four Asian Tigers or Four
Little Tigers), (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Asian_Tigers).
The
Four Asian Tigers or Asian Dragons is a term used in
reference to the highly developed
economies of Hong Kong,
Singapore,
South Korea
and Taiwan.
These nations and areas were notable for maintaining exceptionally high growth rates (in excess of
7 percent a year) and rapid industrialisation between
the early 1960s and 1990s. By the 21st century, all four have developed into advanced and high-income economies,
specializing in areas of competitive advantage. For example, Hong Kong and
Singapore have become world-leading international financial centres, whereas
South Korea and Taiwan are world leaders in manufacturing information
technology. Their economic success stories have served as role
models for many developing
countries, especially the Tiger Cub Economies,
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Asian_Tigers).
The following are the elaboration of Approaches applied
by East Asian Tiger to Economic development that could be a lesson to
Tanzania:-
According to Amsden, A. H. (1989) Asia’s Next Giant:
South Korea and Late Industrialization, Ashton, D., Green, F., James, D.,
and Sung, J. (1999) Education and Training for Development in East Asia: The
Political Economy of Skill Formation in East Asian Newly Industrialised
Economies, Castells, M. (1992) Four Asian Tigers With a Dragon Head: A
Comparative Analysis of the State, Economy, and Society in the Asian Pacific Rim,
and Castells, M. (2000) End of Millennium (2nd Edition), introduced
main three Approaches used by The East Asian Tiger to economic development such
as (1) Social cultural Approach, (2) The Neo-classical Approach, and (3) The
Statist Approach as follow explained bellow one after another:-
1.
SOCIO-CULTURAL APPROACH
Within the Socio-cultural Approach, The
four East Asian tiger countries had “Confucianism” which contributed to
rapid economic development in East Asia, (Masaki Abe, 2006). The Confucianism
is a traditional teaching based on respect of Authority legitimated and
emphasizing hard-working human resources, (Oxford Dictionary, 2004). The
Approach emphasized much on respecting legal Authority and existed which help
their leaders to govern their countries and provide opportunity for them to
increase their level of production. Confucianism as one of the fundamental
cultures in East Asian whereby in Taiwan used as Taoism, South Korea believed
in Christianity for 50%, Singapore used mult-cultural, and Hong Kong used pure
Confucianism.
Generally from that Approach we as
Tanzanians we have ability to learn from East Asian Tiger through the creation of New system of
Leadership which will be legal and respectable and gave them respect on solving
problems facing Tanzanians including problem of poverty.
2.
NEO-CLASSICAL APPROACH
The Neo-classical Approach is an
Approach used by East Asian Tiger four countries; South Korea, Tywan, HongKong,
and Singapore whereby based on understanding for “market failure” through
creating the best way for them to understand the problem, and provision of
education and training to mass as a crucial factor for rapid economic
development of East Asian states which are called “High Performing Asian
Economy”, (The World Bank, (1993) in the Book “The East Asian Miracle”).
Through education and training to East Asian helped them to understand how
market dominate and fall, and that become a the new way of creating the best
way to avoid failure of market within and outside their territories hence
brought rapid economic development.
Therefore, in Tanzania can learn from
East Asia Tiger Countries through the need to provide quality education based
on management of market of our product including emphasizing people to be
creativity and innovative on marketing system so as to increase awareness’ of
the people especially on dominating system of market within and outside our
country.
3.
STATIST APPROACH
Masaki (2006, pg. 7), said that in the
cases of South Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore; Radical social transformations
were state-initiated rather than market-driven. It means the responsibility of
searching for market of the country product is the responsibility of the state
whereby search where to sell what kind of product or goods within East Asia
Tiger or Abroad as a part of social transformation. This is goes hand in hand
with development of state policies as economic backbone mechanism. Also Statist
Approach used learning Sub-Approach whereby learn technology and social system
effectively from Western early developers including German, England and also United
States of America and Imparting to their countries into practices, (Masaki Abe,
2006 Pg. 8). Also the case of Nationalistic project was not left behind.
Therefore, from those countries we as
Tanzanians through Statist Approach we learn the importance of being
nationalist to our product producing in our country through bought Tanzania
product. Also there is a need of importing technology from those countries
which they advanced in term of technology through “Abroad Scholars” and make
sure they turn back to work in our country as not done by our Professional
doctors which become more expertise and important specialist in other countries
like Namibia and Zimbabwe. Also the government should search for the market as
they done East Asian Tiger countries.
OTHOR APPROACHES
Regional
Approach, Regional Approach was the Approach based on
dealing with creation of Newly Industrialized countries and emphasis rapid
industrialization between 1960s-1990s. Other things considered in Regional
Approach are High investment, Market serious and strengthening, correct policy
intervention, dealing with financial crises, increase and emphasis on private
consumption, intensifying international economic integration, National
stability, and increase standard of living, (http://www.consultancyafrica.com).
Therefore, lessons to Tanzania are
improving standard of living people, encourage foreign investment, rapid
industrialization and market searching.
Educational Approach,
Within East Asian Tiger economies they applied education approach as one of
important approach which helped them to increase the level of development from
the household level to regional level. Kind of education which had introduced
is education based on creating people to be innovative and creative to economic
and technological development. Also this is gone hand in hand with Scholarship
outside East Asia especially early developers in Europe and America. Therefore,
from them we learn how education should be provided so as to increase
efficiency on productions by creating Tanzanian people to be creative and
innovative rather than to provide kind of education which seen as less
advantage to our student in both level from primary level to university levels.
Land reform and Agrarian reform Approach, Land reform involves the changing of laws, regulations or customs
regarding land ownership in East Asia. Land reform may consist of
government-initiated or government-backed property redistribution generally of
agricultural land. Land reform can, therefore, refer to transfer of ownership
from the more powerful to the less powerful to individual ownership by those
who work the land,(http://en.wikipedia.org.com). Land reform goes hand in hand
with the development of Agrarian within East Asia tiger countries including
Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and South Korea. Therefore, we as Tanzania we
learn that, in order to attain rapid economic development in our country, we
need to Land reform which will show how land will be redistributed and how land
will be invested today and future time as East Asia Tiger done.
Investment Approach, The
East Asian Tiger countries also applied investment Approach based on both
foreign Approach and Internal Approach. Their investment based on modernized
industries, Agriculture, and social services investment through creating good
environment for investors to invest. So, through investing on that areas helped
them into rapid economic development. Therefore, we as Tanzanian need to learn
how East Asia emphasis internal and foreign investment within and outside the
country and which method they apply and then we need to apply in our country so
as to champion rapid economic development as East Asia Tiger.
CONCLUSION
The four Approaches are the main
Approaches used by East Asian Tiger including South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong
and Singapore. But we as Tanzanians we need to adapt their Approaches and I
suggest that, to relay on this four Approach is not good because some of these
Approaches are not familiar with our environment especially in some Approach
based on this world of globalization. Therefore, the best way is to create our
approaches which will be familiar to our country including “Survival and
Fittest Approach” in our national resources we have such as Water bodies and
fishes, Minerals, Mountains and human resources.
REFERENCES
Amsden, A. H. (1989) Asia’s Next Giant:
South Korea and Late Industrialization. Oxford:
Oxford University Press.
Ashton, D., Green, F., James, D., and Sung,
J. (1999) Education and Training for Development
In East Asia: The Political Economy of Skill Formation in East Asian
Newly
Industrialised Economies. London: Routledge
Press.
Castells, M. (1992) Four Asian Tigers With a
Dragon Head: A Comparative Analysis of the
State, Economy, and Society in the Asian Pacific Rim, States and
Development in the Asia
Pacific Rim. London: Sage.
Castells,
M. (2000) End of Millennium (2nd Edition). Oxford: Blackwell.
BY CHIWAMBO AUSI R, TEOFILO KISANJI UNIVERSITY, 2013
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