Sunday, January 6, 2013

QN: Elaborate Approaches applied by East Asian Tiger to Economic development that could be a lesson to Tanzania


TABLE OF CONTENTS


INTRODUCTION
·        DEFINITION OF THE KEY TERMS
·        Approaches
·        A Tiger economy
·        The Four Asian Tigers or Asian Dragons
MAIN BODY
·        Elaboration of Approaches applied by East Asian Tiger to Economic development that could be a lesson to Tanzania

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

INTRODUCTION
Historically, After the Second World War, Japan and the so-called “four little tigers”: South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Hong Kong, showed rapid economic development through their distinctive development models. In these countries, the state played a crucial part in fostering rapid national development. These countries can be defined as developmental states, (Masaki Abe, 2006 Vol.6, Pg. 6-12).

The Four Asian Tigers or Asian Dragons is a term used in reference to the highly developed economies of Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan. These nations and areas were notable for maintaining exceptionally high growth rates (in excess of 7 percent a year) and rapid industrialization between the early 1960s and 1990s. By the 21st century, all four have developed into advanced and high-income economies, specializing in areas of competitive advantage. For example, Hong Kong and Singapore have become world-leading international financial centers, whereas South Korea and Taiwan are world leaders in manufacturing information technology.
Therefore, economic successes in East Asian Tigers have served as role models for many developing countries including Tanzania.
DEFINITION OF THE KEY TERMS
Approaches means the method used or steps taken in setting about a task or idea of action intended to deal with problem or situation, (http://www.definitions.net/definition).

A tiger economy is a term used to describe a national economy that experiences a period of unanticipated and rapid growth. As a result of that increase in economic growth, the general standard of living within that country also undergoes drastic changes that allow the population to enjoy a higher living standard. While the term was originally coined to describe a phenomenon that took place amount several nations in the Southeast Asia, a tiger economy has since been applied to any special economic zone that undergoes rapid economic growth anywhere around the world, (http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-tiger-economy.htm).

A tiger economy is the economy of a country which undergoes rapid economic growth, usually accompanied by an increase in the standard of living. The term was initially used for Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, and Taiwan (the Four Asian Tigers or Four Little Tigers), (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Asian_Tigers).
The Four Asian Tigers or Asian Dragons is a term used in reference to the highly developed economies of Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan. These nations and areas were notable for maintaining exceptionally high growth rates (in excess of 7 percent a year) and rapid industrialisation between the early 1960s and 1990s. By the 21st century, all four have developed into advanced and high-income economies, specializing in areas of competitive advantage. For example, Hong Kong and Singapore have become world-leading international financial centres, whereas South Korea and Taiwan are world leaders in manufacturing information technology. Their economic success stories have served as role models for many developing countries, especially the Tiger Cub Economies, (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Asian_Tigers).
The following are the elaboration of Approaches applied by East Asian Tiger to Economic development that could be a lesson to Tanzania:-
According to  Amsden, A. H. (1989) Asia’s Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization, Ashton, D., Green, F., James, D., and Sung, J. (1999) Education and Training for Development in East Asia: The Political Economy of Skill Formation in East Asian Newly Industrialised Economies, Castells, M. (1992) Four Asian Tigers With a Dragon Head: A Comparative Analysis of the State, Economy, and Society in the Asian Pacific Rim, and Castells, M. (2000) End of Millennium (2nd Edition), introduced main three Approaches used by The East Asian Tiger to economic development such as (1) Social cultural Approach, (2) The Neo-classical Approach, and (3) The Statist Approach as follow explained bellow one after another:-




1.     SOCIO-CULTURAL APPROACH
Within the Socio-cultural Approach, The four East Asian tiger countries had “Confucianism” which contributed to rapid economic development in East Asia, (Masaki Abe, 2006). The Confucianism is a traditional teaching based on respect of Authority legitimated and emphasizing hard-working human resources, (Oxford Dictionary, 2004). The Approach emphasized much on respecting legal Authority and existed which help their leaders to govern their countries and provide opportunity for them to increase their level of production. Confucianism as one of the fundamental cultures in East Asian whereby in Taiwan used as Taoism, South Korea believed in Christianity for 50%, Singapore used mult-cultural, and Hong Kong used pure Confucianism.
Generally from that Approach we as Tanzanians we have ability to learn from East Asian Tiger  through the creation of New system of Leadership which will be legal and respectable and gave them respect on solving problems facing Tanzanians including problem of poverty.

2.     NEO-CLASSICAL APPROACH
The Neo-classical Approach is an Approach used by East Asian Tiger four countries; South Korea, Tywan, HongKong, and Singapore whereby based on understanding for “market failure” through creating the best way for them to understand the problem, and provision of education and training to mass as a crucial factor for rapid economic development of East Asian states which are called “High Performing Asian Economy”, (The World Bank, (1993) in the Book “The East Asian Miracle”). Through education and training to East Asian helped them to understand how market dominate and fall, and that become a the new way of creating the best way to avoid failure of market within and outside their territories hence brought rapid economic development.  
Therefore, in Tanzania can learn from East Asia Tiger Countries through the need to provide quality education based on management of market of our product including emphasizing people to be creativity and innovative on marketing system so as to increase awareness’ of the people especially on dominating system of market within and outside our country.

3.     STATIST APPROACH
Masaki (2006, pg. 7), said that in the cases of South Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore; Radical social transformations were state-initiated rather than market-driven. It means the responsibility of searching for market of the country product is the responsibility of the state whereby search where to sell what kind of product or goods within East Asia Tiger or Abroad as a part of social transformation. This is goes hand in hand with development of state policies as economic backbone mechanism. Also Statist Approach used learning Sub-Approach whereby learn technology and social system effectively from Western early developers including German, England and also United States of America and Imparting to their countries into practices, (Masaki Abe, 2006 Pg. 8). Also the case of Nationalistic project was not left behind.
Therefore, from those countries we as Tanzanians through Statist Approach we learn the importance of being nationalist to our product producing in our country through bought Tanzania product. Also there is a need of importing technology from those countries which they advanced in term of technology through “Abroad Scholars” and make sure they turn back to work in our country as not done by our Professional doctors which become more expertise and important specialist in other countries like Namibia and Zimbabwe. Also the government should search for the market as they done East Asian Tiger countries.

OTHOR APPROACHES
Regional Approach, Regional Approach was the Approach based on dealing with creation of Newly Industrialized countries and emphasis rapid industrialization between 1960s-1990s. Other things considered in Regional Approach are High investment, Market serious and strengthening, correct policy intervention, dealing with financial crises, increase and emphasis on private consumption, intensifying international economic integration, National stability, and increase standard of living, (http://www.consultancyafrica.com).
Therefore, lessons to Tanzania are improving standard of living people, encourage foreign investment, rapid industrialization and market searching.
Educational Approach, Within East Asian Tiger economies they applied education approach as one of important approach which helped them to increase the level of development from the household level to regional level. Kind of education which had introduced is education based on creating people to be innovative and creative to economic and technological development. Also this is gone hand in hand with Scholarship outside East Asia especially early developers in Europe and America. Therefore, from them we learn how education should be provided so as to increase efficiency on productions by creating Tanzanian people to be creative and innovative rather than to provide kind of education which seen as less advantage to our student in both level from primary level to university levels.
Land reform and Agrarian reform Approach, Land reform involves the changing of laws, regulations or customs regarding land ownership in East Asia. Land reform may consist of government-initiated or government-backed property redistribution generally of agricultural land. Land reform can, therefore, refer to transfer of ownership from the more powerful to the less powerful to individual ownership by those who work the land,(http://en.wikipedia.org.com). Land reform goes hand in hand with the development of Agrarian within East Asia tiger countries including Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and South Korea. Therefore, we as Tanzania we learn that, in order to attain rapid economic development in our country, we need to Land reform which will show how land will be redistributed and how land will be invested today and future time as East Asia Tiger done.
Investment Approach, The East Asian Tiger countries also applied investment Approach based on both foreign Approach and Internal Approach. Their investment based on modernized industries, Agriculture, and social services investment through creating good environment for investors to invest. So, through investing on that areas helped them into rapid economic development. Therefore, we as Tanzanian need to learn how East Asia emphasis internal and foreign investment within and outside the country and which method they apply and then we need to apply in our country so as to champion rapid economic development as East Asia Tiger.

CONCLUSION
The four Approaches are the main Approaches used by East Asian Tiger including South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore. But we as Tanzanians we need to adapt their Approaches and I suggest that, to relay on this four Approach is not good because some of these Approaches are not familiar with our environment especially in some Approach based on this world of globalization. Therefore, the best way is to create our approaches which will be familiar to our country including “Survival and Fittest Approach” in our national resources we have such as Water bodies and fishes, Minerals, Mountains and human resources. 

 REFERENCES
Amsden, A. H. (1989) Asia’s Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization. Oxford:
          Oxford University Press.
Ashton, D., Green, F., James, D., and Sung, J. (1999) Education and Training for Development     
           In East Asia: The Political Economy of Skill Formation in East Asian Newly    
          Industrialised Economies. London: Routledge Press.
Castells, M. (1992) Four Asian Tigers With a Dragon Head: A Comparative Analysis of the
         State, Economy, and Society in the Asian Pacific Rim, States and Development in the Asia
        Pacific Rim. London: Sage.
Castells, M. (2000) End of Millennium (2nd Edition). Oxford: Blackwell.


 BY CHIWAMBO AUSI R, TEOFILO KISANJI UNIVERSITY, 2013











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